When it comes to home safety, properly installed handrails and guards are critical components. These features help prevent falls, and enhance accessibility. If you’re a homeowner planning renovations or new construction, understanding the requirements set forth by the International Residential Code (IRC) is essential. Here’s what you need to know:

Handrail Requirements

When Are Handrails Required?

According to IRC Section R311.7.8, handrails are required on at least one side of a stairway with four or more risers . This applies to both interior and exterior stairs.

Handrail Height & Grip Size

• Height: The top of the handrail must be between 34 inches and 38 inches above the stair nosing .
• Grip: The handrail must be easily graspable. The code specifies different profiles, including:
• Circular handrails with a diameter between 1.25 inches and 2 inches.
• Non-circular handrails with a perimeter between 4 inches and 6.25 inches, ensuring a comfortable grip .

Continuity and Termination

Handrails must be continuous along the entire length of the stair flight and return to a wall, guard, or be terminated at a post . This prevents loose or protruding ends, which can be hazardous.

Clearance from Walls

Handrails adjacent to walls must have a minimum clearance of 1.5 inches to ensure a proper grasp .

Guard Requirements

When Are Guards Required?

The IRC mandates guards for any open-sided walking surface—including stairs, ramps, porches, and balconies—that is 30 inches or more above the floor or grade below .

Guard Height Requirements

• For decks, balconies, and landings: Guards must be at least 36 inches high.
• For stairways: The minimum height is 34 inches, measured from the line connecting the nosings of the steps .

Opening Limitations

• Guards cannot have openings that allow passage of a 4-inch sphere, ensuring small children cannot slip through.
• Triangular openings at the bottom of guards (formed by the riser, tread, and guard) must not allow a 6-inch sphere to pass .
• For stair guards, openings must be small enough to prevent a 4 3/8-inch sphere from passing through.